Biodiversity Conservation in Indian Sundarban in the Context of Anthropogenic Pressures and Strategies for Impact Mitigation

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Evaluation of analgesic activity of Ficus racemosa leaf extract using acetic acid induced writhing method in mice

Background: To evaluate the analgesic activity of Ficus racemosa leaf extract and its comparison with standard drug using acetic acid induced writhing method in mice.Methods: Chloroform extract of leaves was obtained using soxhlet apparatus. Isolated fraction of extract (FRE) was used for the experiments. Swiss albino mice of either sex, average weight 20-25 gms were used for experiments. Animals were divided into 6 groups consisting of 6 animals each.1% acetic acid was administered intra peritoneally to the experimental animals to create pain sensation. Each group received particular treatment 30 minutes prior to administration of acetic acid. Each mouse of all groups were observed individually for counting number of writhes they made in 15 minutes commencing just 5 minutes after the administration of acetic acid. Diclofenac was taken as standard drug.Results: FRE at the dose of 50 mg/kg did not shows any significant analgesic activity while at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg it showed significant analgesic activity as compare to control group. FRE at dose of 200 mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity as compare to diclofenac in writhing model. Diclofenac in combination with 50 mg/kg dose of FRE produced significant analgesic activity when compared to control value or either treatment alone.Conclusions: FRE endowed with peripheral analgesic properties in dose dependent manner. And also enhances the analgesic effect of diclofenac. However further study is needed in order to understand the precise mechanism

STUDY OF CNS ACTIVITIES OF PIPERINE PERSE AND ITS BIOENHANCING EFFECT ON VARIOUS DRUGS IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS

Objective: Study of CNS activities of piperine perse and its bio-enhancing effect on various drugs in experimental animal models.Methods: The CNS effects of piperine and its interaction with various drugs were evaluated by maximal electroshock convulsion model, pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, anxiolytic activity, muscle relaxant activity and antidepressant activity using tail suspension and forced swimming test using standard procedures in experimental animal models. piperine at a dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg orally was used to evaluate CNS activities.Results: The results revealed that piperine perse posses only anticonvulsant activity and other significant CNS effects were not observe. But when it was combined with various drugs piperine increases the effect of the standard drug.Conclusion: Piperine 10 mg/kg has the potential to be used as a bio-enhancing agent when combined with other drugs. Bio-enhancing effect of piperine will decrease the dose of the standard drug, thereby decreasing the risk of their toxicity.Keywords: Piperine, Bio-enhancing, MES, Anxiolytic test, Tail suspension test, Forced swimming test, Motor co-ordination, Righting refle

EVALUATION OF THE INTERACTION OF PIPERINE WITH ANTIDEPRESSANT SERTRALINE AND ANALGESIC PENTAZOCINE, USING DIFFERENT ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION IN ALBINO MICE

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the effect of piperine on the antidepressant activity of sertraline and analgesic activity of pentazocine and to explore the effectof using oral and parenteral routes of administration on the possible interactions.Methods: Piperine was isolated from commercially obtained Piper nigrum extract. Swiss albino mice of either sex were divided into 8 groups (n=6)receiving: 2% gum acacia (oral, intraperitoneally [i.p.]), standard drug (oral, i.p.), standard drug + piperine (oral, i.p.), piperine (oral, i.p.). Tailsuspension test (TST) was used for antidepressant effect and Eddy's hot plate method for analgesic effect. Sertraline and pentazocine were used asstandard drugs (5 mg/kg) and piperine at 10 mg/kg.Result: In the TST, piperine alone (both routes) decreased immobility time, but the effect was statistically insignificant. Both combination groups(oral and i.p.) showed significantly better activity compared to sertraline oral and i.p. groups, respectively (p<0.05). Oral combination showed activitycomparable to i.p. combination (p>0.05). Piperine did not show any analgesic activity of its own (both routes). Piperine with pentazocine orallyshowed significantly better activity compared to pentazocine (oral) at 1, 2, and 4 hrs, and analgesia at 0.5 hr which pentazocine oral did not. Parenteralcombination was significantly better than pentazocine (i.p.) group at 2 and 4 hrs and better than oral combination at 4 hrs.Conclusion: Piperine has potential to be used in combination with pentazocine due to its bioenhancing effect and with sertraline due to a potentiating/additive effect which can help reduce dose and adverse effects of these drugs.Keywords: Piperine, Pentazocine, Sertraline, Albino mice, Bio enhancement, Potentiation

Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of some vicinal and non-vicinal diols by quinolinium bromochromate

1219-1223Kinetics of oxidation of four vicinal, four non-vicinal diols and two of their monoethers by quinolinium bromochromate (QBC) have been studied in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). The main product of oxidation is the corresponding hydroxycarbonyl compound. The reaction is first order each in QBC and the diols. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The hydrogen ion dependence is taking the form : kobs = a + b[H+]. The oxidation of [1,1 ,2,2-2H4] ethanediol exhibits a substantial primary kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 5.83 at 298 K). The reaction has been studied in nineteen different organic solvents and the solvent effect has been analysed using Taft's and Swain's multiparametric equations. The temperature dependence of the kinetic isotope effect indicates the presence of a symmetrical transition state in the rate-determining step. A suitable mechanism has been proposed

To evaluate the analgesic activity of Ficus Racemosa leaf extract in albino mice using Eddy's hot plate method.

Objective-To evaluate the analgesic activity of ficus racemosa leaf extract in albino mice and its comparison with standard drug using Eddy's hot plate method.Method-Chloroform leaf extract was obtained using soxhlet apparatus. Isolated fraction of extract (FRE) was used for the experiments. Swiss albino mice of either sex, average weight 20-25gms were used for experiments. Animals were divided into 6 groups consisting of 6 animals each. In hot plate method, Basal reaction time was recorded. Each group received particular treatment and reaction time was recorded after half, one, two and four hours. Pentazocine was taken as standard drug.Result-FRE at the dose of 50mg/kg did not shows any significant analgesic activity while at the dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg it showed significant analgesic activity as compare to control group. FRE at dose of 200mg/kg showed significant analgesic activity as compare to pentazocin. Pentazocin in combination with 50mg/kg dose of FRE produced significant analgesic activity when compared to control value or either treatment alone.Conclusion-FRE endowed with central analgesic properties in dose dependent manner. And also enhances the analgesic effect of pentazocin. However further study is needed in order to understand the precise mechanism.Keywords- ficus racemosa, analgesics, pentazocin, albino mice, Eddy's hot plate

Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of some unsaturated acids by 2,2'-bipyridinium chlorochromate

1182-1186The oxidation of maleic, fumaric, crotonic and cinnamic acids by 2,2'-bipyridinium chlorochromate (BPCC) in dimethyl sulphoxide leads to the formation of corresponding epoxide. The reaction is of first order each in BPCC and the reductant. The reaction is catalysed by hydrogen ions. The hydrogen-ion dependence has the form: kobs = c + d [H+]. The oxidation of these acids has been studied in nineteen organic solvents. The analysis of the solvent effect by multiparametric equations indicates the importance of the cation-solvating power of the solvent. A mechanism involving a three-centre transition state has been postulated